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Obilježavajući Međunarodni dan zdravlja, 7. aprila, Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija pokreće veliku globalnu kampanju za rješavanje problema bakterija rezistentnih na antibiotike, koje predstavljaju ozbiljnu prijetnju javnom zdravstvu, posebno bolnicama.
Bolnica Dobri Samarićanin, u Californiji, ima neugodno iskustvo s rezistencijom bakterija na antibiotike: - Zastrašujuća stvar u vezi s tim slučajevima je da se radi o bakteriji koja je uobičajena, ali odjednom razvije otpornost na većinu ili sve antibiotike koje imamo.
Dr. Andrew Fishmann govori o bakteriji nazvanoj Carbapenem-rezistentna Klebsiella pneumoniae – skraćeno CRKP – kojom je inficirano više od 350, uglavnom starijih, pacijenata u Californiji, od juna do decembra prošle godine. Četrdeset posto tih pacijenata je umrlo za manje od mjesec dana od zaraze. Spomenuta Klebsiella rezistentna je ne samo na antibiotik Carbapenem nego i na sve druge dostupne antimikrobne lijekove. Isti je rod bakterije zabilježen u još 35 američkih saveznih država, ali je izazvao zaraze i u Argentini i Brazilu, s 15 umrlih među oboljelima. Ta Klebsiella samo je jedan rod u rastućem broju bakterija koje razvijaju otpornost prema arsenalu lijekova koji ljudima stoji na raspolaganju. Efikasnost tog arsenala, upozoravaju stručnjaci, vrlo brzo opada zbog naširoko rasprostranjene upotrebe – ali i zloupotrebe – antibiotika: - Antimikrobna rezistencija povećava se svuda u svijetu i to ne samo za neke određene antibiotike, nego za sve antibiotike, u svim bolestima, ali ne samo kod ljudi nego i kod antibiotika koji se koriste kod životinja. Govorimo o tuberkulozi, malariji, HIV-u, ali i bolestima poput upale pluća, proljeva … antimikrobna rezistencija se vidi u cijelom spektru bolesti.
To kaže dr. Marcos Espinal, koji je u Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji zadužen za zdravstveni nadzor, te prevenciju i kontrolu bolesti. Trenutno, on vodi kampanju zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja pacijenata i onih koji brinu o njima, te ukupne javnosti - o širenju antimikrobne rezistencije na oba američka kontinenta. Naglašavajući težinu tog problema – ne samo u Amerikama, nego širom svijeta - Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija je pitanje rezistencije bakterija na antibiotike postavila kao vodeći motiv obilježavanja ovogodišnjeg Svjetskog dana zdravlja, 7. aprila. Ova UN-ova agencija želi da međunarodna zajednica pojača napore u identificiranju i borbi protiv tih opasnih novih vrsta mikroba. Poruka je alarmirajuća: čak i najjači antibiotici mogu se pokazati neefikasni protiv tih super-bakterija. Bolnice su najčešća mjesta gdje se pojavljuju rezistentni rodovi mikroba, ali se oni mogu vrlo brzo proširiti i u okolne zajednice, a potom i dalje.
Dr. Espinal kaže da mnogo puta te infekcije ne budu prepoznate jer je za detekciju potencijalno smrtonosnih super-bakterija potrebna sofisticiranija oprema i metodologija: - Ponekad dolazi do takvih infekcija, a da one ne budu uopšte prepoznate. Uvijek postoji i problem prijave takvih infekcija, posebno u zemljama ograničenih sredstava za javno zdravstvo. A, s ograničenim sredstvima, te zemlje nemaju ni neophodnu dijagnostičku opremu, niti laboratorije potrebne za dijagnostiku super-bakterija.
U današnjem dobro povezanom svijetu, s milionima putnika koji svakodnevno putuju po svim zabačenim dijelovima Zemlje, bakterije se mogu proširiti brže nego ikad ranije. Stručnjaci u javnom zdravstvu apeluju na mnogo striktniji monitoring bolesti, bolju kontrolu nad pacijentima, te uspostavu posebnih komisija u bolnicama koje bi nadgledale primjenu znatno rigoroznijih higijenskih i sanitarnih standarda. Liječnici kažu da češće pranje ruku, prostorije za izolaciju pacijenata i značajno selektivnija primjena antibiotika mogu zaustaviti širenje super-bakterija. Stručnjaci se slažu da svijetu treba i nova klasa antibiotika da bi porazili rezistentne mikrobe. Ali, oni upozoravaju da i liječnici i pacijenti moraju naučiti da nova farmakološka oružja koriste mnogo pažljivije nego ranije. Dr. Espinal kaže da će novi antibiotici pomoći u izlječenju zaraženih pacijenata, ali, bez promjene medicinske prakse, oni neće riješiti problem antimikrobne rezistencije.
Izvor: VoA News
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07.04.2011.
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